This study aims to evaluate the structural and operational challenges in China's current rainstorm emergency management system and to propose practical policy solutions for enhancing urban resilience. This research identifies five critical determinants of emergency management efficiency: (1) government coordination capacity, (2) grassroots flood response capability, (3) effectiveness of information dissemination systems, (4) satisfaction with community flood control infrastructure, and (5) residents’ awareness of flood risks. The findings reveal that all 5 factors significantly and positively impact the overall efficiency of rainstorm emergency management. Notably, coordination efficiency and infrastructure satisfaction emerge as the most influential predictors. This study’s policy recommendations include strengthening long-term climate adaptation frameworks, enhancing interdepartmental and cross-regional coordination, investing in grassroots response infrastructure and training, deploying intelligent early warning systems leveraging big data and AI, improving public flood risk literacy through targeted education, and promoting sponge city strategies to build sustainable urban resilience.