With the intensification of global climate change, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events are steadily increasing, posing significant challenges to the preservation of cultural heritage. The 2019 fire in Pingyao Ancient City, Shanxi, serves as a typical case, illustrating how the climate crisis can directly threaten historical and cultural heritage. Through a case study of the Pingyao fire, this paper examines the impact of climate change on cultural heritage preservation, particularly the exacerbation of extreme weather events. By analyzing the causes of the fire, the influence of climate factors, and the damage caused to heritage buildings, this research proposes strategies for adapting cultural heritage preservation to climate change. These include optimizing disaster prevention mechanisms, applying technological tools, and emphasizing the importance of public participation. Lastly, the paper summarizes the lessons learned from the Pingyao fire and offers valuable insights for protecting other cultural heritage sites in the context of the climate crisis.